APPARENT COUNTEREXAMPLES TO THE KUZARI PRINCIPLE
#1 Aztec
"national revelation"
There
is another type of story that would not leave evidence for the audience to whom
the story is told. This is a story placed so far in the past that no
information survives from that time. In this case the story may involve public
events. Even if the story describes an event that was supposedly experienced by
the whole world, the audience cannot reason that its memory would have been
preserved, since nothing at all was preserved from that time. So, for example,
stories about a remote time when all people understood the language of the
animals and conversed with them will not contradict KP. [See p. 154 of Reason to
Believe.]
The
Aztec story is not dated in our calendar system, so it fits what I wrote. Also,
I checked the original. The migration is in fact true.
I have received
the following sources from David Greenberg that invalidate the entire
question:
I
found something on the Aztecs:
It
seems the Aztec legend is NOT that the god spoke to everyone in a national
revelation, but rather that the war god communicated to the priests, who then
relayed the message on. Not quite a national revelation. Here are 3 sources:
See
pg. 31-32: "Huitzilopochtli, later identified as a god of war,
communicated directly with his high priests via dreams and profound trances,
bestowing on them omens, prophecies and navigational tools to arrive at their
promised land."
2-
"These priests voiced Huitzilopochtli’s oracular directions as to where
the combined Mexica-Aztec tribe was next to travel."
3-
"Huitziton, a person of great authority...heard in the branches of a tree
the trilling of a small bird...struck at this, and communicating his
impressions to another personage...they both induced the Aztecs to leave their
country, interpreting the song as a mandate from divinity."
See
pg. 140
So
it looks that the Aztec belief was that their war god did not communicate to
the people, but rather to the high priests, who then relayed the claimed divine
message on to the masses. But according to these sources, the Aztecs did not
have a legend that it was the god Huitzilopochtli who spoke directly to
everybody. So we can see this is definitely not a national revelation from god,
but rather a relayed message from priests. This, unlike a national revelatory
claim, is exactly what we’d expect to see in legends.
Added July 3, 2017;
There are three weaknesses in the account of the Aztec
“national revelation” as a counter-example to KP – i.e. as a false NET.
1.
First, the translation
presented is from A Scattering of Jades published in
2003 by The University of Arizona Press, pp 82-100. It is not mentioned at
all in Handbook to Life in the Aztec World Oxford
University Press; 1 edition (October 3, 2007) by Prof. Manuel Aguilar –published four
years later by Oxford. I have written to Prof. Aguilar concerning the
authenticity of the Jades text and the validity of the translation and have not
yet received a reply. So at present the entire text is in question. And as
David Greenberg pointed out there is nothing resembling a direct communication
of a god with the Aztec people in Aguilar’s text.
2.
Second, in order to satisfy the
condition of NET that requires the tradition record an event that would be
expected to be remembered – to create a national tradition – at the time when
the tradition started. This requires [at least] two characteristics of the
tradition.
a. The tradition must specify an appropriate time for the
event. If the tradition assigns the event to a date too far in the past, or the
tradition assigns an unknown/uninterpreted date to the event, or fails to
assign any date to the event then at the time the tradition is formed no one
will expect to remember what happened at that time, and then the tradition is
not an NET at all. In the Jades document the dates are given as compounds: In section VI "2-rabbit
1286" "11-reed 1295" and at the end "2-house 1325". I
asked Prof. Aguilar what is the source of the modern dates 1286, 1295 and 1325?
Did the author of the text [in the 16th century] have a modern
calendar going back 200 years? Did the translator or the editors insert the
modern numbers of the dates? How did they calculate the dates? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_calendar is
the Wikipedia page on the Aztec calendar. The phrases “2-rabbit” “11-reed” and
“2-house” are days of the year; there is no provision whatsoever for counting
years themselves – certainly not modern Christian numbers.
b. Also, the content of the story must be such that we
expect it to create a national tradition. A comparison of the Aztec text with
the Torah’s description of the Jewish national revelation reveals a vast
difference in this regard: the Torah’s story would surely be remembered while
the Aztec story would not surely be remembered – perhaps would not be
remembered at all. The Torah’s story included the following elements: A
prediction of the revelation before the exodus from Egypt; detailed
instructions to prepare for the event, and positions to be taken during the
event; the event of revelation is accompanied by vast pyrotechnics – fire,
smoke, cloud, earth shaking, sound of the shofar; the reaction of the people is
panic; the revelation includes the commandment of a weekly holiday; the plea of
the people that there not be a repeat; repetition of the story in detail in
Deuteronomy and at least five separate mentions of the story in the text of the
Torah; and a specific command not to forget the event. By contrast the Aztec
story reports the god speaking to the people in completely natural terms
without any reaction on the part of the people or change in their culture.
Indeed, the completely unemphasized nature of the narrative encourages David
Greenberg’s suggestion that the sense of the text is not a direct communication
from the god to the people but rather communication through the priests though
the intermediaries are not mentioned. Calling these communications “Aztec
national revelation” and encouraging comparison with Sinai is grossly out of
proportion. The same holds for the miracles reported in the Aztec text – the
contrast with the plagues in Egypt, the splitting of the sea, the manna, the
destruction of Korach makes comparison grossly out of proportion.
Added July 17,
2017
https://www.britannica.com/topic/chronology/Christian#ref523312
Aztec
The Aztec and related peoples of central Mexico employed
the cycle of 52 years, constructed, like its Maya equivalent, of concurrent 365-day years and 260-day
cycles, any position of the former coinciding with a given position of the
latter only at 52-year intervals. Again leap days were not used. At completion
of the 52 years, known as “binding of the years,” elaborate ceremonies were
held to avert destruction of the world expected on that occasion. The last
occurrence before the Spanish conquest was in ad 1507. Although
the last creation of the world was designated by a day name, neither that nor
any other was in general use in central Mexico as the start of an era. Aztec reckoning
is normally from their arrival in the Valley of Mexico, supposedly the
year 1 Flint (ad 1168).
There
is much confusion in placing events in Mexican history because no system of
distinguishing one 52-year cycle from another was employed except by writing
every year glyph throughout the period covered, a clumsy arrangement. Each year was named for either its
last day (omitting the five-day unlucky period) or for the last day of the
fifth month (both choices have distinguished supporters). In either case, only
four day names (House, Rabbit, Cane, and Flint), each with its accompanying
numeral, could designate a year. The Spanish conqueror Hernán Cortés seized the Aztec capital in 1521,
year 3 House, but some past event, also assigned to a year 3 House but
unlocated in a full sequence of years, might refer to ad 1261, 1313, or 1365, etc. Month positions
were rarely given in chronological statements.
Peoples
of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
Pictorial
books of the Mixtec of
Oaxaca record events in the lives of ruling families covering seven centuries,
but, again, happenings are fixed only by the day on which each occurred and the
year in which the day fell. Sequence is usually clear, but at times
there is doubt as to which 52-year period is meant when parenthetical material,
such as life histories of secondary characters, is inserted.
No
era is recognizable. A clouded entry concerning the descent to Earth of
the Sun and Venus, perhaps assignable to ad 794, is a logical starting point, but other entries
are earlier.
Little
is known of the calendar of
the Zapotec,
neighbours of the Mixtec. Years began on a different set of days, and glyphs
differ from those of Mixtec and Aztec. Months are not recorded on monuments,
which are numerous, and no chronological system has survived. Most Zapotec
texts are early.
Rare
inscriptions in western Chiapas, southern Veracruz, and the Guatemalan Pacific coast resemble the
abbreviated lowland Maya Initial Series used in script and on a single
sculpture in that numerical bars and dots are in a vertical column with period
glyphs and month signs suppressed, clearly place numeration, that is, the value
of each unit was shown by its position in the column. The linguistic
affiliation of their sculptors is unknown.
All
texts are either fragmentary or damaged; the two complete ones, unlike Maya
Initial Series, open with days signs (and different ones at that). If, as one
may reasonably assume, the series of bars and dots departed from those day
signs, a fixed era is questionable. Nevertheless, some scholars postulate use
of the Maya era (13.0.0.0.0 4 Ahau 8 Cumku). This little understood system may
have been ancestral to the Maya Initial Series, the Maya perhaps developing a
fixed era, for they alone seem to have been interested in an exact
chronological system.
Added
July 30, 2017:
A
friend writes: It's
worth mentioning that I searched a bit on youtube, and the only documentary on
the Aztecs that I found which was done by an organization with name recognition
was National Geographic. Professor Aguilar-Moreno is actually one of the
experts that speaks during the documentary. The documentary makes no mention of
the document allegedly authored by Montezuma's grandson, and it makes no
mention of any Aztec myths about a national revelation or miracles.
It simply says that after they made a human sacrifice out of the
daughter of a nearby tribe leader on her wedding day to an Aztec, they were
chased by the other tribe away from the mainland and onto the uninhabited
island that they settled and made into the capital of their eventual empire. No
mention of any fighting or casualties even, just chased away from the mainland.
So that further strengthens points 1 and 3 that you make.
#2 The Fatima Vision
Added June 3, 2018
Revised June 4, 2018
[RG means to say a mass of people. RG does not mean if a only a few people.]
Lets try to apply this principle to the ‘Event’ = On October 13,1917 in Fatima, Portugal:
The Sun miraculously danced or performed other miracles in the Sky. Other miraculous things occurred: wet clothes became suddenly and completely dry; wet and muddy ground that had been previously soaked because of the rain that had been falling became dry.”
The main source I will use is the book The Sun Danced - Myth, Miracles, and Modernity by Jeffrey S. Bennett 2012. He is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and Religious studies. Some Sociologists study origins of myths, their evolution, use in society etc: Such disciplines have much more relevance to religion and myth formation as opposed to Math or Philosophy or Math Philosophy.
Beginning in the spring of 1917, three shepherd children living near Fatima reported apparitions of an Angel, and apparitions of the Virgin Mary, who the children described as the Lady of Fátima. They also claimed a miracle would occur.
Page 113 - The children claimed a miracle would occur in order that all should believe. 70000 to 100000 people gathered near the children. [ I have seen sources that had figures as low as 30000. There was a large mass of people at the event.]
Page 116 - And indeed an alleged supernatural events happen on 10/13/1917 “For the vast majority of those present, there was no doubt that something supernatural had occurred.”
#2 The Fatima Vision
Added June 3, 2018
Revised June 4, 2018
My comments in double brackets
[[]].
Kuzari Argument Part 13
Updated
7/14/2017 for several typos for the date of the Sun miracle.
http://
This is a continuation of of my Kuzari
Posts begun here.
It might be helpful to skim my prior Kuzari argument posts, but this post
is more or less a stand alone, at least for people who have some familiarity
with the Kuzari argument.
This post will flesh out an alleged miracle and it’s consequences I very briefly cited in June 2014.
Lets examine one version of the Kuzari 'proof' that the Exodus with all the miracles and the Sinai revelation really occurred.
Rabbi Gottlieb (RG) Principle: Let E be a possible event which, had it really occurred, would have left behind enormous, easily available evidence of its occurrence. If the evidence does not exist, people will not believe that E occurred.
This can be briefly restated as: If people believe an event occurred, then evidence must exist for the event's occurrence.
This post will flesh out an alleged miracle and it’s consequences I very briefly cited in June 2014.
Lets examine one version of the Kuzari 'proof' that the Exodus with all the miracles and the Sinai revelation really occurred.
Rabbi Gottlieb (RG) Principle: Let E be a possible event which, had it really occurred, would have left behind enormous, easily available evidence of its occurrence. If the evidence does not exist, people will not believe that E occurred.
This can be briefly restated as: If people believe an event occurred, then evidence must exist for the event's occurrence.
[[Let’s
call the last paragraph AK.
This
is a gross mistake: RG and AK are very different in content. AK implies that if
people believe that Muhammad ascended to the sky on a fiery horse, there must
be evidence that he did. RG does not imply this. His mistake is to leave out
the qualification: “event which, had it really occurred, would have left behind
enormous, easily available evidence of its occurrence.” Muhammad’s ascent does
not meet this condition.A great deal of his argument below is undone by this
mistake.
In
addition, he has omitted the rationale for RG. Since this will be important
below I will insert here material from previous publications.
From Living p to the Truth 8
years ago:
https://www.dovidgottlieb.com/works/RabbiGottliebLivingUpToTheTruth.pdf
Now
let’s examine the principle itself. What kind of principle is
this? At base it is a principle of empirical
psychology. It is a principle describing how people come
to believe things. It says that under certain conditions, beliefs won’t
form. People will not come to believe in events that the Kuzari’s
principle forbids.
Why
should we accept this principle? After all, everything relies on
this principle. Could we defeat it? Here is one way not to
go about it. We should not say: “You are telling me that just
because it is an event that if it had happened would have left behind enormous,
easily available evidence, that you can’t get people to believe
it? I don’t think that is right. I can imagine very well
that a very influential priesthood, or a very powerful leader, or a person whom
you would think has magical powers, convincing people to believe in even things
like that. I don’t think there is any limit to what the populace can
believe. I think I could even write a very convincing novel
describing such a case and get it published.”
Does
your ability to imagine such a case defeat the
principle? The answer is no. This is a principle about
real people in the real world. The principle doesn’t say anything
about your imagination. People can imagine all sorts of things. They
can even imagine impossible things. People have imagined squaring a
circle; it just happens to be mathematically
impossible. I know people who imagine machines that run without loss
of any energy. There are people who design them every
year. The Second Law of Thermodynamics says that it is impossible,
yet they do it anyway.
The
limits are on your imagination are is of no interest. The question
is: Do real people in the real world accept beliefs like that? The
only way to defeat the Kuzari’s principle is to find real
cases. Real cases of communities that have come to believe
events which if they had happened would have left behind enormous, easily
available evidence of its occurrence, and didn’t happen, and therefore the
evidence wasn’t present. I have never yet come across such an event,
nothing even remotely resembling such an event.
From Introduction to the Kuzari
Principle three years ago:
The conclusive reason that the critic’s story
is unacceptable is this. Even if it were plausible, that does not mean that it
really happened that way. Many ideas are intuitively plausible and turn out to
be wrong. It was plausible that the earth is flat and stationary. It was
plausible that the heavens always existed. It was plausible that no machine
heavier than air can fly. All these ideas turned out to be false. So
plausibility is not enough. We need reason to think that the gradual
transformation really caused the belief in national
revelation.
What kind of reason could that be? The very best reason would be direct
evidence that it happened that way. We might for example discover the diary of
the deceivers that created the story. But that is very unlikely. So we will
have to settle for indirect evidence.
How much evidence can we ask for? Here it depends upon what the critic claims.
If he claims only that his scenario [or any alternative scenario] is possible,
then we should agree with him: we set no limits on what is possible. But we do
not have to give up our position due to other possibilities – no matter what
you believe there are always other possibilities. Only if the critic claims
that his scenario [or an alternative] is probable does he present a real
challenge to our position. How much evidence must he produce to justify his
claim that his scenario [or some alternative] is probable?
The very minimum indirect evidence would be for the critic to find
some cases in which we know that this type of transformation did in fact
happen. If he can prove that it has happened in some cases, then he can say
that it is reasonable to think it happened here too. On the other hand, suppose
he cannot find any cases in which his explanation is known to have worked. Then
he is saying that something that no one has ever seen happen is the explanation
of the belief in Sinai. That is unacceptable.
So here is the challenge to the critic. You say that the belief in
Sinai was produced by a gradual transformation of a natural event. And this
transformation happened in spite of the fact that the belief in Sinai is an
event that would be very hard to forget. You need to show us somewhere this has
happened – somewhere a natural transformation of a natural event produced a
false belief in an event equally unlikely to be forgotten.
[And – finally! - this is the answer to our persistent critic in the brackets.
You say that perhaps our claimed self-knowledge is a mistake. Perhaps we are
more impressionable than we think. Perhaps we would accept false stories that
would be rarely forgotten. Well, the only way to see whether we are so
impressionable is to find real cases in which we have accepted such stories. If
you find real cases, then we will admit that it is a natural part of our
psychology to accept such stories. But if you cannot find any real cases, then
we will have overwhelming evidence that our psychology works the way we say –
we will not accept stories that are rarely forgotten.]
Here the critic meets a major problem. There are no parallel beliefs at
all. There are no beliefs in fictitious national events of a kind that
would be rarely forgotten. So the critic will not be able to show us cases in
which his gradual transformation process produced such a belief.
This is surprising, but true. In all the myths that people believed, or still
believe, not one is a national event that would be rarely forgotten. The critic
cannot show us even one case where his transformation produced such a belief,
because there are no such beliefs.
[So we are not impressionable as the brackets critic claimed. There are no
known cases of a nation accepting a belief in a false story about a national
event of a type that would be hard to forget.]
So, as we said at the beginning of this section, there is no reason whatsoever
to think that the critic’s explanation has ever worked. Therefore it is
unreasonable to think that it is the real explanation in the case of the
national revelation at Sinai.
(End of insert.)
It is also a fact that there I move to the formulation of a
national tradition which is central in my Book Reason to Believe. I will not
stress that change here.]]
[RG means to say a mass of people. RG does not mean if a only a few people.]
Lets try to apply this principle to the ‘Event’ = On October 13,1917 in Fatima, Portugal:
The Sun miraculously danced or performed other miracles in the Sky. Other miraculous things occurred: wet clothes became suddenly and completely dry; wet and muddy ground that had been previously soaked because of the rain that had been falling became dry.”
The main source I will use is the book The Sun Danced - Myth, Miracles, and Modernity by Jeffrey S. Bennett 2012. He is an Assistant Professor of Sociology and Religious studies. Some Sociologists study origins of myths, their evolution, use in society etc: Such disciplines have much more relevance to religion and myth formation as opposed to Math or Philosophy or Math Philosophy.
[[For
specialists in debate: this is meant to discredit my qualifications on this
subject. But of course I never appeal to my qualifications: my arguments must
stand on their own.]]
Beginning in the spring of 1917, three shepherd children living near Fatima reported apparitions of an Angel, and apparitions of the Virgin Mary, who the children described as the Lady of Fátima. They also claimed a miracle would occur.
Page 113 - The children claimed a miracle would occur in order that all should believe. 70000 to 100000 people gathered near the children. [ I have seen sources that had figures as low as 30000. There was a large mass of people at the event.]
Page 116 - And indeed an alleged supernatural events happen on 10/13/1917 “For the vast majority of those present, there was no doubt that something supernatural had occurred.”
[[Here
is a crucial mistake in logic. At no point do I say, imply, suggest, hint or
otherwise indicate the judgment of the witnesses as to whether the event was a
miracle. In my view that is irrelevant. All I take from the witnesses is their
account of what they experienced. It is our judgment that the
described phenomena are miraculous. They say the mountain was aflame, the
ground was shaking under their feet, there was cloud and smoke, the sound of a
shofar, and they all heard a voice. It is our judgment that if they really
experienced all of that it was a miracle.
Similarly,
we should accept the testimony that they saw something happen in the sky that
astonished them and created the impression of a miracle. Since they do not
report (so far as I have seen) how long the vision lasted, and how long they
were in an ecstatic state afterwards, there is no difficulty in accepting their
statement that the wet ground and clothes became dry. It is then up to us to
decide whether having that experience is evidence that a miracle occurred.
And
note that a vision of a religious figure is claimed only for the three
children. The tens of thousands see astonishing behavior of the sun and perhaps
other items in the sky. There is no reason to doubt that some natural phenomena
can cause such an experience.]]
[I
want to stress some very important points. We have eyewitness testimony of
thousands who believe that something miraculous occurred at Fatima, just like Kuzari
proponents claim there were eyewitnesses at Mt Sinai. But there is a big
difference. We actually know for a fact that there were many thousands at
Fatima who claimed something supernatural occurred, while we have no evidence
of anybody even being at Mt Sinai.]
[[If
you understand that the basis of RG is the absence of any examples of false
traditions of our type, then you understand that we don’t need evidence of the
number of people who witnessed the event.]]
If you read the book it describes more mythology develops around the story: For example Page 167 - 168 Hundreds of sick and dying came to the apparition site for miracle cures and alleged success stories circulate - many more come.
If you read the book it describes more mythology develops around the story: For example Page 167 - 168 Hundreds of sick and dying came to the apparition site for miracle cures and alleged success stories circulate - many more come.
[[But
not all at the same time……….]]
Claims that soil from the site cure people.
Page 178 A bomb placed beside the azinheira failed to explode. (Page 94
Azinheira - an oak tree - apparitions had occurred there. See my post Tree animism in the Bible ). Page 120 Vandals
cut down the Azinheira or so they think ! They cut the wrong tree down a sign
God protects it and his people from anti-clerics.
[[None
of these stories describes an experience of large numbers of people. So they
are irrelevant to an evaluation of RG.]]
[I have no doubt many people at the site did not accept the miracle of the sun. But is that really relevant ? We don’t know every alleged witness to Mt Sinai accepted it was a revelation from G-d. Besides the RG Principle does not require every person accept the story. For the Sun Miracle the vast majority of witnesses believed that on October 13, 1917 the supernatural had occurred. Can thousands of eyewitnesses be wrong ?
[I have no doubt many people at the site did not accept the miracle of the sun. But is that really relevant ? We don’t know every alleged witness to Mt Sinai accepted it was a revelation from G-d. Besides the RG Principle does not require every person accept the story. For the Sun Miracle the vast majority of witnesses believed that on October 13, 1917 the supernatural had occurred. Can thousands of eyewitnesses be wrong ?
[[Of
course they can – if they are offering a speculative judgment about an event.
But for RG that is not the issue. He should ask: can thousands of people be
wrong about the description that they looked at the sky and saw something that
astounded them and created the impression of a miracle? I am inclined to agree
they cannot be wrong about that. Likewise our witnesses cannot be
wrong about the descriptions of what they witnessed.]]
Moreover the fact that some at Fatima
experienced the supernatural event somewhat differently does not disprove the
event. Eyewitness testimony is like that, and perhaps God chose some to
see the miracle one way and others to see it somewhat differently.]
Page 124 The apparition claims spread beyond the local sphere, becoming translocal and national-level realities.
Page 124 The apparition claims spread beyond the local sphere, becoming translocal and national-level realities.
[[This
certainly does not mean that on the occasion in question, or on a subsequent
occasion, there was an internationally witnessed vision. I don’t know what it
means since I do not have the book. But it seems it must be irrelevant to RG.]]
Page 1 More than twenty million participate in the apparition cult. Every year several million travel from around the world to the apparition site. The Sun miraculously danced proving the children visions were of divine origin.
The miracle is sanctioned by the Catholic Church.
The story eventually is used to fight communism.
Page 1 More than twenty million participate in the apparition cult. Every year several million travel from around the world to the apparition site. The Sun miraculously danced proving the children visions were of divine origin.
The miracle is sanctioned by the Catholic Church.
The story eventually is used to fight communism.
[[All
of this is irrelevant to RG.]]
Page 4 - It is a National Miracle
Page 4 - It is a National Miracle
[[From
the detailed description given above this is flatly false.]]
Page 117 Accounts of the miracle are passed down as family history. [Just like the Sinai story was allegedly passed down from alleged witnesses to an alleged supernatural seminal event to their children. Would my father lie to me about the supernatural events of October 13, 1917 ? Plus, thousands of children hear other children talk about the supernatural events of October 13, 1917 as those other children heard from their Uncles or Fathers. And so after many generation millions believe the miracles of October 13, 1917. If millions believe a supernatural event can millions be wrong ?]
Page 117 Accounts of the miracle are passed down as family history. [Just like the Sinai story was allegedly passed down from alleged witnesses to an alleged supernatural seminal event to their children. Would my father lie to me about the supernatural events of October 13, 1917 ? Plus, thousands of children hear other children talk about the supernatural events of October 13, 1917 as those other children heard from their Uncles or Fathers. And so after many generation millions believe the miracles of October 13, 1917. If millions believe a supernatural event can millions be wrong ?]
[[Of
course they can, and RG clearly allows this. Only AK is in trouble here, not
RG.]]
[What is interesting about the story: The children had primed people for the anticipation of a miracle. Many of the witnesses already believed in the supernatural already. {And as I have written in my prior Kuzari posts priming of the witnesses and prior belief in supernatural by the witnesses were also present at the alleged Mt Sinai event.} The story is rooted in religious and political subdivisions in 1917 and earlier Portugal. {Could the the Mt Sinai story have similar kinds of roots - religious and political subdivision amongst the ancient Israelites ? Propaganda purposes for one reason or another ?} The intertwining of a popular religious movement with Portugal History and the appropriation of a religious movement for political purposes and the cults relationship to the rise of Authoritarianism Politics. {hmm}. Religions and Mythology don’t develop or operate in a vacuum like Event--------> Belief in Miracle/Religion/Mythology. It is a much more nuanced as the book explains for this Fatima miracle.] The Miracle of the Sun is UNIQUE as far as I know.
If it is so easy to fool people with a Sun miracle why have
not other religions made use of it ? And arguably is was a Nation
changing event for Portugal and was used to fight communism. It
must be a true miracle. Convinced ?
[What is interesting about the story: The children had primed people for the anticipation of a miracle. Many of the witnesses already believed in the supernatural already. {And as I have written in my prior Kuzari posts priming of the witnesses and prior belief in supernatural by the witnesses were also present at the alleged Mt Sinai event.} The story is rooted in religious and political subdivisions in 1917 and earlier Portugal. {Could the the Mt Sinai story have similar kinds of roots - religious and political subdivision amongst the ancient Israelites ? Propaganda purposes for one reason or another ?} The intertwining of a popular religious movement with Portugal History and the appropriation of a religious movement for political purposes and the cults relationship to the rise of Authoritarianism Politics. {hmm}. Religions and Mythology don’t develop or operate in a vacuum like Event--------> Belief in Miracle/Religion/Mythology. It is a much more nuanced as the book explains for this Fatima miracle.] The Miracle of the Sun is UNIQUE as far as I know.
If it is so easy to fool people with a Sun miracle why have
not other religions made use of it ? And arguably is was a Nation
changing event for Portugal and was used to fight communism. It
must be a true miracle. Convinced ?
[[Let’s
summarize his argument and its refutation.
He
starts with AK and describes an event that is believed by millions of people –
an event we assume did not happen. The event is the miraculous appearance in
the sky witnessed by tens of thousands of people. Millions of people believe it
happened. Now AK says that if a large number of people believe an event happened
then they must have had evidence that it happened (and indeed it must have
happened). But he assumes we agree that they
had no evidence of a miracle and that no miracle took place, so AK must be
wrong.
And
so it is: AK is definitely wrong. But as I pointed out above, RG is not the
same as AK. In particular, RG only applies to an event that we would expect to
leave behind enormous easily available evidence of its occurrence. Let’s try to apply his argument to RG.
The
first thing to note (as I mentioned above several times) that there are two
different events in question here.
A.
The experience of the people of a
phenomenon in the sky that awed and inspired them and appeared to them
miraculous.
B.
G-d caused the phenomenon in the
sky miraculously.
Let’s
now try his argument for each event separately.
A:
Would the event of tens of thousands of people having a vision that inspired
them and seemed to them to be a miracle be expected to leave behind enormous easily
available evidence? Sure! The people will tell it to others and a great many
will believe that it happened. And that is indeed what happened. And therefore
millions of people believe that event A happened. And they are right – event A
really did happen.
B:
Would the event of G-d causing the phenomenon in the sky be expected to leave
behind enormous easily available evidence of its occurrence? Not at all. We believe
that G-d is causing many things all the time in a hidden manner. [Even the people
who had the vision believe that.] B is a free add-on to A without any expected evidence
of its own. That being the case, RG says nothing about people believing it. Thus
their believing it is no challenge to RG.
Are
you convinced that he has refuted RG?]]
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