Worth investigation

 Terminal lucidity

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Terminal lucidity, also known as paradoxical lucidity, rallying or the rally, is an unexpected return of mental clarity and memory, or suddenly regained consciousness that occurs in the time shortly before death in patients with severe psychiatric or neurological disorders.^[1][2][3] This condition has been reported by physicians since the 19th century.

History

Several case reports in the 19th century described the unusual condition of an improvement and recovery of the mental state in patients days or weeks before death. William Munk, for instance, in 1887 called the phenomenon "lucidity before death".^[4] According to historical reviews headed by the biologist Michael Nahm, who also has an interest in mediumship and near-death experiences,^[5] the phenomena have been noted in patients with diseases which cause progressive cognitive impairment, such as Alzheimer's disease, but also schizophrenia, tumors, strokes, meningitis, and Parkinson's disease.^[6][7][8] However, terminal lucidity is not currently listed as a medical term.^[9]

According to Nahm, it may be present even in cases of patients with previous mental disability.^[10] Nahm defines two subtypes: one that comes gradually (a week before death), and another that comes rapidly (hours before death), with the former occurring more often than the latter. There may be plenty of cases reported in literature, although the phrase terminal lucidity was coined in 2009.^[11] Interest in this condition, which dwindled during the 20th century, has been reignited by further studies.^[4] A 2020 research screened for what the authors preferred to call "paradoxical lucidity", a general term for unexpected remissions in dementias, independent of whether it followed a terminality process or not; it found strong association of the condition as a near-death phenomenon and stated that it can overlap the concept of "terminal lucidity" in some cases.^[6] Such a paradoxical condition is considered a challenge to the irreversibility paradigm of chronic degenerative dementias such as Alzheimer's.^[12]

Causes

The earliest attempt at explanation was issued by Benjamin Rush in 1812, which proposed the hypothesis that a reawakening could be due to a nervous excitation caused by pain or fever, or else because of dead blood vessels, released by a leakage of water in the brain chambers. Johannes Friedreich, in 1839, proposed that the factors causing impairments may be reversed shortly before death, analogous to the reabsorption in terminal patients with hydrocephalus, and that high fever may be a cause of it. According to Macleod (2009)^[13] in his observations, explanative causes could not be found for the variety of cases, but it was suggested that due to the modern pharmacology in terminal cases, the condition may be less common today.^[4] A recent proposed mechanism includes a non-tested hypothesis of neuromodulation, according to which near-death discharges of neurotransmitters and corticotropin-releasing peptides act upon preserved circuits of the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, promoting memory retrieval and mental clarity.^[14]

References

1.   Koczanowicz, Leszek (2020). "Chapter 12 - The Anxiety of Clairvoyance: Terminal Lucidity and the End of Culture". Anxiety and Lucidity: Reflections on Culture in Times of Unrest. Routledge. pp. 162–198. ISBN 978-0367218232.

2.   Mendoza, Marilyn A. "Why Some People Rally for One Last Goodbye Before Death". Psychology Today (blog). Retrieved 26 August 2019.

3.   Bursack, Carol Bradley. "When Loved Ones Rally Before Death". AgingCare. Retrieved 26 August 2019.

4.   Chiriboga-Oleszczak, Boris Alejandro (2017-03-28). "Terminal lucidity". Current Problems of Psychiatry. 18 (1): 34–46. doi:10.1515/cpp-2017-0003. ISSN 2353-8627.

5.   Michael Nahm

6.   Batthyány, Alexander; Greyson, Bruce (2020-08-27). "Spontaneous remission of dementia before death: Results from a study on paradoxical lucidity". Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice. 8: 1–8. doi:10.1037/cns0000259. ISSN 2326-5531. S2CID 225192667.

7.   Nahm, Michael; Greyson, Bruce (December 2009). "Terminal lucidity in patients with chronic schizophrenia and dementia: a survey of the literature". Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 197 (12): 942–944. doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181c22583. ISSN 1539-736X. PMID 20010032.

8.   Nahm, Michael; Greyson, Bruce; Kelly, Emily Williams; Haraldsson, Erlendur (July–August 2012). "Terminal lucidity: a review and a case collection". Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 55 (1): 138–142. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2011.06.031. ISSN 1872-6976. PMID 21764150.

9.   Webster Medical Dictionary

10.                     Nahm, M.; Greyson, B. (2014). "The Death of Anna Katharina Ehmer: A Case Study in Terminal Lucidity". OMEGA. 68 (1): 77–87. doi:10.2190/OM.68.1.e. PMID 24547666. S2CID 1265185.

11.                     Bering, Jesse (2017). "One Last Goodbye: The Strange Case of Terminal Lucidity". Scientific American Blog Network.

12.                     Mashour, George A.; Frank, Lori; Batthyany, Alexander; Kolanowski, Ann Marie; Nahm, Michael; Schulman-Green, Dena; Greyson, Bruce; Pakhomov, Serguei; Karlawish, Jason; Shah, Raj C. (2019-06-19). "Paradoxical lucidity: A potential paradigm shift for the neurobiology and treatment of severe dementias". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 15 (8): 1107–1114. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.002. ISSN 1552-5260. PMID 31229433.

13.                     Macleod, AD (December 2009). "Lightening up before death". Palliative & Supportive Care. 7 (4): 513-516. doi:10.1017/S1478951509990526. PMID 19939314.

14.                     Bostanciklioğlu, Mehmet (January 2021). "Unexpected awakenings in severe dementia from case reports to laboratory". Alzheimer's & Dementia. 17 (1): 125–136. doi:10.1002/alz.12162. ISSN 1552-5279. PMID 33064369. S2CID 222840626.